Publication Ethics

Similarity Screening

Every submission is screened with Turnitin before editorial assessment. Manuscripts returning a similarity index above 25 per cent, excluding references and properly attributed quotations, are returned to the author for revision or declined. Screening is repeated on the final version before publication.

Duties of the Editor

Publication decisions. The Editor-in-Chief is responsible for deciding which submitted manuscripts are published. Decisions are driven by the validity of the work and its importance to the journal's readers, guided by the policies of the editorial board and constrained by the legal requirements then in force concerning libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism. The Editor-in-Chief may confer with subject editors and reviewers in reaching a decision, but the decision rests with the Editor-in-Chief and is not delegated to any external body.

Fair play. Manuscripts are evaluated on their intellectual content and their fit with the journal's scope, without regard to the authors' race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy.

Confidentiality. The Editor-in-Chief and editorial staff do not disclose information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate.

Disclosure and conflicts of interest. Unpublished material disclosed in a submitted manuscript is not used in an editor's own research without the author's express written consent. An editor with a conflict of interest in a manuscript hands it to another editor.

Duties of Reviewers

Contribution to editorial decisions. Peer review assists the Editor-in-Chief in reaching decisions and, through the editorial correspondence, may also help the author improve the manuscript.

Promptness. A reviewer who feels unqualified to assess a manuscript, or who cannot complete the review within the agreed period, notifies the editorial office promptly so that another reviewer can be found.

Confidentiality. Manuscripts received for review are confidential documents. They are not shown to or discussed with others except as authorised by the editors, and their content is not used before publication.

Standards of objectivity. Reviews are conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is not acceptable. Reviewers state their views clearly and support them with argument.

Acknowledgement of sources. Reviewers identify relevant published work that the author has not cited, and draw the editors' attention to any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript and other published work of which they have personal knowledge.

Disclosure and conflicts of interest. Privileged information obtained through review is kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers decline manuscripts in which they have a conflict of interest arising from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships with any of the authors or their institutions.

Duties of Authors

Reporting standards. Authors present an accurate account of the work performed and an objective discussion of its significance. A manuscript contains sufficient detail and references to permit others to follow the argument and, where relevant, to reproduce the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements are unacceptable.

Originality and plagiarism. Authors submit only original work, and where they have used the work or words of others, these are appropriately cited or quoted.

Multiple, redundant, or concurrent publication. An author does not publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal at the same time is unacceptable.

Acknowledgement of sources. Authors acknowledge the work of others and cite the publications that have influenced the reported work. Authors are encouraged to prepare references using a reference manager such as Zotero, Mendeley, or EndNote.

Authorship. Authorship is limited to those who made a substantial contribution to the conception of the work, the collection or analysis of evidence, or the drafting of the manuscript, and who approve the submitted version and accept accountability for it. Contributions are recorded before the reference list using the CRediT taxonomy. Those who assisted without meeting these criteria are named in an acknowledgements section. The corresponding author ensures that all appropriate co-authors, and no inappropriate ones, are included, and that every co-author has seen and approved the final version. Changes to the author list require the written agreement of all authors; the journal does not adjudicate authorship disputes and refers them to the authors' institution.

Disclosure and conflicts of interest. Authors disclose any financial or substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or their interpretation, and declare all sources of financial support for the project.

Fundamental errors in published work. An author who discovers a significant error in their own published work notifies the editorial office promptly and cooperates with the editors to correct or retract the article.

Declaration of Generative AI in the Writing Process

Generative artificial intelligence tools do not meet the criteria for authorship and are not listed as authors or cited as authors, since authorship carries responsibilities that only humans can hold. Authors who used such tools in preparing a manuscript disclose this in a statement placed before the reference list, headed "Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process," naming the tool, its version, and the purpose for which it was used. Use confined to checking grammar, spelling, or references need not be disclosed. Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy of all content, including references, quotations, translations, and transliterations.

Corrections, Retractions, and Malpractice

The journal is committed to the integrity of the scholarly record and follows COPE flowcharts in handling suspected misconduct. Allegations of plagiarism, data fabrication, duplicate submission, undisclosed conflict of interest, or authorship dispute are investigated by the editors in consultation with the publisher. Depending on the findings, the response may include rejection of the manuscript, correction of the published article, an expression of concern, or retraction. Corrections address errors that do not affect the validity of the findings; retractions are issued where a serious error or ethical violation invalidates the work. Each notice is linked to the article concerned and remains permanently accessible.

Article Corrections and Post-Publication Notices

Where the published record needs to be amended, the journal issues one of the following notices, each linked to the original article and permanently accessible:

Addendum — added when authors need to include significant information that was omitted at publication, without altering the original article.

Corrigendum — corrects a significant error introduced by the authors that does not affect the validity of the findings.

Erratum — corrects an error introduced during editing or production, such as in figures or tables.

Removal — full removal of the content, with a statement explaining the reason, reserved for the rare cases where legal or ethical grounds require it.

Replacement — retraction of the original article and publication of a corrected version, linked to the retracted one.

Duties of the Publisher

Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, as publisher, takes its guardianship over all stages of publication seriously and recognises its ethical responsibilities. Editorial decisions are not influenced by advertising, reprint, or other commercial revenue, or by the personal, political, religious, or institutional interests of any party. In cases of suspected or proven misconduct, the publisher works with the Editor-in-Chief to investigate and resolve the matter and to correct or retract the article as required.