Artificial Intelligence

The journal recognises the increasing use of artificial intelligence in research and scholarly communication.

AI-assisted activities must comply with the principles of transparency, accountability, confidentiality, originality, research integrity, and independent human judgement.

Use of AI by Authors

Artificial intelligence systems do not qualify for authorship and must not be listed as authors or co-authors.

Authors using generative AI in manuscript preparation must disclose the name of the tool, its version where identifiable, and the purpose for which it was used.

Disclosure is required when generative AI is used for drafting, rewriting, substantive language editing, translation, literature synthesis, analytical interpretation, or the generation of research-related content.

Routine spelling and grammar checking that does not generate substantive content need not be individually disclosed.

Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, reliability, and integrity of the submitted manuscript.

AI-generated references, quotations, translations, factual claims, and interpretations must be independently verified.

Declaration of Generative AI Use

Research articles and review essays must include a statement headed Declaration of Generative AI Use in the final manuscript.

Where AI has been used, the statement must identify the relevant technology and explain its contribution to manuscript preparation.

Where no generative AI tools have been used, authors should provide the following declaration:

The authors declare that no generative AI tools were used in the preparation of this manuscript.

Use of AI by Editors

Editors may use AI-assisted technologies for limited administrative or technical activities when confidentiality, data protection, and editorial independence can be maintained.

Any permitted use of AI by editors must be appropriately documented and disclosed according to the nature of its use.

Editors must not use AI to replace independent scholarly evaluation or determine manuscript acceptance, revision, or rejection.

Confidential manuscripts and unpublished research materials must not be uploaded to external AI applications in ways that compromise confidentiality or intellectual property rights.

Editors remain responsible for the integrity of the editorial process and all decisions made.

Prohibition of AI Use by Reviewers

The use of artificial intelligence by reviewers during the peer-review process is prohibited.

Reviewers must not use AI tools to analyse, evaluate, summarise, or interpret submitted manuscripts, generate reviewer comments, or prepare peer-review reports.

Reviewers must not upload manuscripts or any part of confidential review materials to AI applications.

Peer-review assessments must reflect independent human expertise and scholarly judgement.

Suspected violations may be investigated by the editorial office in accordance with the journal's research integrity procedures.